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安全駕駛車(chē)輛動(dòng)力學(xué)電控系統(tǒng)

2019-01-01 15:24:48·  來(lái)源：洞云書(shū)屋  
　
（注：本文是譯文，Original author: Nobuyuki Ueki)
 
ELECTRIC brake control technologies are being steadily developed and applied in stability control systems and brake-by-wire based on the ABS (anti-lock braking systems), and Hitachi, Ltd. has been working to develop electromechanical brake systems, in terms of future brake-by-wire, to the practical application phase.

基于ABS（防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)）的電制動(dòng)控制技術(shù)在穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)和線(xiàn)控制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中得到了穩(wěn)步的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用，日立公司一直致力于發(fā)展機(jī)電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，從未來(lái)的線(xiàn)控制動(dòng)到實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
Electronically controlled steering was initially limited to speed sensitive power steering systems. Now, SBW (steer-by-wire) will be central to future technologies.
 
電控轉(zhuǎn)向最初僅限于速度敏感的動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)在，SBW（線(xiàn)控轉(zhuǎn)向）將成為未來(lái)技術(shù)的核心。
Regarding suspension systems, semi-active suspension systems and active suspension systems have already been used in practical applications at the early stage to improve driving stability and ride quality. For the future, we focus on developing vehicle roll control systems and electromagnetic suspension systems to improve vehicle dynamics and driving safety.
 
對(duì)于懸架系統(tǒng)，半主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)和主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在早期的實(shí)際是得到應(yīng)用，目的是提高駕駛穩(wěn)定性和乘坐質(zhì)量。未來(lái)，我們專(zhuān)注于開(kāi)發(fā)車(chē)輛車(chē)輛滾動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)和電磁懸架系統(tǒng)，以改善車(chē)輛動(dòng)力學(xué)和駕駛安全性。 
Fig. 1—Image of a Concept Vehicle with ITS (intelligent transport system) 智能交通系統(tǒng)概念車(chē)
 
Stability Control Systems
穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)
 
Stability control systems have appeared as the next-generation ABS. These are designed to control vehicle dynamics by regulating the brake force on each wheel and are the basis of x-by-wire, in terms of future chassis technologies. Hitachi, Ltd. has been mass-producing vehicle dynamics control units since 2001. It has developed master cylinder pressure sensor less systems, which estimate fluid pressure by controlling vehicle dynamics through vehicle deceleration and wheel speed. This reduces the size and cost of the stability control systems.
穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)作為下一代ABS已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。這些被設(shè)計(jì)為通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)每個(gè)車(chē)輪上的制動(dòng)力來(lái)控制車(chē)輛動(dòng)力學(xué)，并且是未來(lái)的底盤(pán)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)。日立汽車(chē)有限公司自2001以來(lái)一直大量生產(chǎn)車(chē)輛動(dòng)力學(xué)控制單元。它開(kāi)發(fā)了主缸壓力無(wú)傳感器系統(tǒng)，它通過(guò)車(chē)輛減速和車(chē)輪速度控制車(chē)輛動(dòng)力學(xué)來(lái)估計(jì)流體壓力。這降低了穩(wěn)定性控制系統(tǒng)的尺寸和成本。
 
STEERING SYSTEMS
轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)
 
There are two types of power steering systems: electric power steering systems and hydraulic power steering systems. Currently hydraulic power steering systems are widely used, but electric power steering systems are rapidly coming into use, primarily in small passenger vehicles.
動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)有兩種：電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。目前，液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)被廣泛使用，但電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)正在迅速投入使用，主要是在小型客車(chē)上。
 
Speed Sensitive Power Steering Systems
速度敏感動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)
 
Hydraulic power steering systems are capable of electronically adjusting the steering force according to vehicle speed, and are used primarily in luxury vehicles. Hitachi, Ltd.’s SSPS (speed sensitive power steering system) is capable of adjusting steering force by controlling the pressure control valves according to vehicle speed. This requires a relatively simple valve structure and makes possible highly responsive steering because it converts the fluid flow supplied by a pump to a pressure that efficiently operates a cylinder. 
液壓動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)能夠根據(jù)車(chē)輛速度電子調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)向力，主要用于豪華車(chē)輛。日立公司的SSPS（速敏動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)）能夠根據(jù)車(chē)速控制壓力控制閥來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)向力。這需要一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的閥結(jié)構(gòu)，并且使得高度響應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)向成為可能，因?yàn)樗鼘⒈锰峁┑牧黧w流量轉(zhuǎn)換成有效地操作氣缸的壓力。
 
Electric Power Steering Systems
電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)
The pinion assist type electric power steering systems Hitachi, Ltd. is currently mass-producing consist of:
(1) A torque sensor that detects steering force,
(2) An electronic control unit that calculates signals from the torque sensor and supplies the necessary energy to the motor,
(3) A motor that conveys an assist force to a pinion shaft through a reduction gear mechanism, and
(4) A rack and pinion type steering gear.
The electronic control unit controls speed sensitive power steering systems by processing signals indicating the vehicle speed and the rotation of the engine. In addition, the torque limiter is positioned between the plastic gear in the reduction gear mechanism and the pinion shaft, and this protects the plastic gear from road surface pressure.
小齒輪助力型電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)日立目前正在批量生產(chǎn)，包括：
（1）檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向力的扭矩傳感器；
（2）電子控制單元，其計(jì)算來(lái)自扭矩傳感器的信號(hào)并向電機(jī)提供必要的能量；
（3）通過(guò)減速齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)向小齒輪軸傳遞輔助力的電機(jī)；
（4）齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器。
電子控制單元通過(guò)處理指示車(chē)輛速度和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)的信號(hào)來(lái)控制速度敏感的動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。此外，扭矩限制器設(shè)置在減速齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)中的塑料齒輪和小齒輪軸之間，并且保護(hù)塑料齒輪不受路面壓力的影響。
 
Steer-by-wire
線(xiàn)控轉(zhuǎn)向
 
SBW is a steering system for even greater safety and comfort than the existing systems described above. It allows the tires to move freely and it controls the speed in accordance with the steering because the steering system and the actuator that operates the tires are separate. The aim of this system is to improve safety and comfort in vehicle dynamics by reducing the number of steering corrections and by simplifying the steering system communication structure.
SBW是一種比現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)更大的安全性和舒適性的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。它允許輪胎自由移動(dòng)，并根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)向控制速度，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和操縱輪胎的致動(dòng)器是分開(kāi)的。該系統(tǒng)的目的是通過(guò)減少轉(zhuǎn)向校正的數(shù)量和簡(jiǎn)化轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的通信結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)提高車(chē)輛動(dòng)力學(xué)的安全性和舒適性。
 
Semi-active Suspension Systems
半主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)
 
The controller detects vehicle vibration based on the information from the vertical acceleration sensor installed in the vehicle, calculates the optimal damping force to prevent vibration, and controls the adjustable shock absorber systems to achieve better ride quality. In addition, the controller judges vehicle cornering based on information about wheel angle and driving speed, and controls the damping force to achieve better driving stability.
控制器基于安裝在車(chē)輛中的垂直加速度傳感器的信息來(lái)檢測(cè)車(chē)輛振動(dòng)，計(jì)算最優(yōu)阻尼力以防止振動(dòng)，并控制調(diào)節(jié)器以實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的乘坐質(zhì)量。此外，控制器根據(jù)車(chē)輪角度和行駛速度的信息判斷車(chē)輛轉(zhuǎn)彎，并控制阻尼力以獲得更好的行駛穩(wěn)定性。
 
Active Suspension Systems
主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)
 
In contrast to semi-active suspension systems that do not require particular energy from outside, active suspension systems help reduce vehicle vibration and improve vehicle cornering as the suspension system is actively stretched by the high hydraulic pressure produced by the hydraulic pump in the engine drive. This also allows a vehicle to maintain its roll angle, as the vehicle tilts while cornering, at almost zero in 5 m/s2 of lateral acceleration equivalent to a sudden lane change on highways. This feature enables active suspension systems to perform far better than semi-active suspension systems designed only to control the damping force.
與不需要來(lái)自外部的特定能量的半主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)相比，主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)有助于減少車(chē)輛振動(dòng)并改善車(chē)輛轉(zhuǎn)向，因?yàn)閼壹芟到y(tǒng)通過(guò)液壓泵產(chǎn)生的高液壓而被主動(dòng)拉伸。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。這也允許車(chē)輛保持其側(cè)傾角，因?yàn)檐?chē)輛在轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)傾斜，在5米/s2的橫向加速度中幾乎等于零，相當(dāng)于高速公路上突然的車(chē)道變換。這一特點(diǎn)使得主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)比僅用于控制阻尼力的半主動(dòng)懸架系統(tǒng)的性能要好得多。
 
Electromagnetic Suspension Systems
電磁懸架系統(tǒng)
 
Hitachi, Ltd. is currently working to develop electromagnetic suspension systems using electromagnetics that became available as motor and inverter control technologies developed. Electromagnetic suspension systems are highly responsive and are expected to offer control at higher frequencies that are beyond the control of existing suspension systems. The systems currently in development use a linear motor without a reduction gear mechanism. This makes it easy to absorb the impact from road surfaces, and this improves ride quality.
日立公司目前正致力于開(kāi)發(fā)電磁懸架系統(tǒng)，利用電磁技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)電磁懸架系統(tǒng)，此系統(tǒng)具有高度的響應(yīng)性，并期望在高于現(xiàn)有懸架系統(tǒng)控制的頻率下提供控制。目前正在開(kāi)發(fā)的系統(tǒng)使用沒(méi)有減速齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的直線(xiàn)電機(jī)。這使得容易吸收道路表面的沖擊，提高了乘坐質(zhì)量。 
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